Evaluate the multi store model of memory
what are the three
kinds of recall?
·
free recall,
recognition recall and cued recall
what is free recall?
·
the researcher just
asks the participant to repeat back or write down as many things as they can
remember
what is cued recall?
·
it is linked to a
method of learning the participant is asked to learn words in linked pairs they
are then given the first word and asked to recall the second. Recall here is
better than in free recall.
what is recognition
recall?
·
participants are given
a short list of words to learn. They are then given a second list of words that
includes words from the first list. They are then asked to recall words which
they learnt previously. Recall here is better than in free recall.
what are the three memory
processes?
·
encoding, storage and
retrival
what is encoding?
·
putting information
into storage
what is storage?
·
keeping stored
information
what is retrieval?
·
getting information
out of storage when required
what are the three
forms of memory?
·
sensory, short term
and long term
what is sensory
memory?
·
holds information
received from the senses for a short period of time
what is short term
memory?
·
holds approximately
seven chunks of information at a time
what is long term
memory?
·
holds a vast amount of
information for a long time
Describe an experiment
about the capacity of STM
·
Miller, found that
most people can remember about seven pieces of information and capacity can be
increased if memory is put in chunks
Describe an experiment
that aimed to investigate the importance of rehearsal in short term memory
·
Peterson and Peterson,
participants were given sets of three letters to remember but were immediately
asked to count backwards in threes out loud for a certain period of time. This
prevented rehearsal. They were then asked to recall letters in the correct
order. The results showed participants had forgotten virtually all the
information after 18 seconds. It was concluded that we cannot hold information
in short term memory unless we can rehears it.
What is the recency
effect?
·
information recieved
last is remembered better
what is the primacy
effect?
·
information received
fist is remembered better
give an overview of
the multi store model of memory and an observational experiment which helped to
support it
·
Atkinson and Shiffrin,
suggested that the stores of memory are separate and they also showed how
memories move from one store to another. Barbara Millner observed a patient who
suffered a brain injury after a surgery went wrong. He remembered things from
before the incident and had a normal STM but could form no new memories in his
LTM.
give an overview of
the reconstructive model of memory and an experiment that helped to prove the
way memories are changed as suggested
·
Bartlett, inspired by
FC Bartlett said that memory is an active process and we address effort after
meaning. Bartlett used the word schema to describe a building block of
information about an event that helps us to reconstruct a memory. He did an
experiment where he told participants an old native american story called
"The War of the Ghosts" and people had to repeat the story to each
other not unlike Chinese Whispers. He found that each time the story was retold
it became shorter, more cliched and more ordered so it made sense to the
participant. Bartlett concluded that we recall events for ourselves so it makes
sense.
describe an experiment
done about how familiar stories are told to support the reconstructive model of
memory
·
Wynn and Logie asked
university students to recall the story of their first day of university. They
were asked to do this several times throughout the year and it was found that
the accuracy of their descriptions remained the same throughout the year. This
is unlike Bartlett's which led them to conclude that memories for familiar
events will not change over time.
give an overview of
the levels of processing model of memory and describe a study that helped to
prove that there are different ways of processing
·
Craik and Lockhart,
memory depends on how it is processed. Hyde and Jenkins conducted an experiment
where they gave participants a list of words and put them in one of three
groups. Some had to engage in structural processing, others required phonetic
processing and the final group required semantic processing. Participants
identified 70 percent of the words that required semantic processing 35 that required
phonetic and 15 that required structural. This shows the more deeply
information is processed the more likely it is to be remembered.
what are the three
kinds of processing?
·
structural, phonetic,
semantic
who expanded the
levels of processing of model and what experiment did they conduct?
·
Craik and Tulvig
believed that the LOP study was good but elaboration was also an important
component. Elaboration is the amount of processing of a particular kind. They
did an experiment where the varied the complexity of sentences to participants
and recall was twice as high for the words in the complex sentence. Both are
using semantic processing but it proves that elaboration is important. So is
organisation and distinctiveness.
what is structural
processing?
·
thinking about the
physical appearance of words to be learnt
what is phonetic
processing?
·
thinking about the
sound of words to be learnt
what is semantic
processing?\
·
thinking about the
meaning of words to be learnt
describe an experiment
about the role organisation plays in memory
·
Bower et al, asked
participants to learn sets of 28 words. There were 4 sets making a total of 112
words. Participants in the experimental groups were presented with words
organised into a meaningful hierarchy like a flow diagram. Participants in the
control group were just given each list of 28 words in a random order.
Participants in the experimental group recalled 73 out of 112 on average and in
the control they only recalled 21 out of 112 on average.
why is the
distinctiveness of information important in memory?
·
if you are asked to
recall the colour of different people's hair you are more likely to remember
someone with green hair because it does not align with what we expect. The
degree of distinctiveness is also important in determining whether or not we
remember something. Even if we are distracted with other tasks our brain are
constantly monitoring our environment to notice things that are unusual.
evaluate the multi
store model of memory
·
In most of the studies
participants had to remember nonsense, this means they lack ecological
validity. Not everything we remember has to be rehearsed, like everyday events.
However, we cannot dismiss this theory because it explains why we struggle to
remember things like license plate numbers.
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