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PSYCH 101 Week 1 The Science of Psychology Quiz MULTIPLE CHOICE What Is Psychology? Learning Objective What defines psychology as a field of study, and what are psychology- four primary goals? 1. Which of these is the most accurate definition of the discipline of psychology? 2. In the definition of psychology, the term mental processes refers to __________ . 3. Which topic would NOT be investigated by a psychologist if the definition of psychology were limited to “the science of behavior� 4. You are at a basketball game and the arena is packed; the crowd is evenly split between fans of the two teams. At one point, the referee makes a call. Half of the fans yell insults; the other half of the fans shout their approval. The event reminds you of the topic of today- lecture in psychology class. What was the likely topic of the lecture? 5. Steve is a fan of the Los Angeles Lakers basketball team. With little provocation, he will engage you in a debate about whether it is the greatest team in basketball. Steve may be demonstrating ___________________. 6. The goals of psychology are to _____. 7. Mei was sent to the school psychologist to be tested. Based on her IQ scores it was decided that she would do well in the gifted child program. This is an example of which goal of psychology? 8. In addition to describing and explaining mental processes and behavior, psychology also attempts to ________ these phenomena. 9. A psychologist is interested in finding out why identical twins have different personalities. This psychologist is most interested in the goal of ______________. 10. A teacher tells the school psychologist that Kate is late to class, does not turn in her homework, squirms around a lot in her seat, and swings her feet constantly. This is an example of which goal of psychology? 11. The question “What is happening?†refers to which of the following goals in psychology? 12. The question “Why is it happening?†refers to which of the following goals in psychology? 13. The question “When will it happen again?†refers to which of the following goals in psychology? 14. Psychologists who give potential employees tests that determine what kind of job those employees might best perform are interested in the goal of _____________. 15. Description is to assessment as _________ is to prognosis. 16. The question “How can it be changed?†refers to which of the following goals in psychology? 17. The general curiosity about why people think, feel, and behave the way they do 18. Which of the following most accurately reflects the authors’ views about the influence of philosophy and physiology on present day psychology? 19. In 1879, in Leipzig, Germany, the first psychological laboratory was overseen by ______________. 20. At the close of the nineteenth century, Gerhard is excited to find that he has been accepted for training in the psychology laboratory of Wilhelm Wundt. It is likely that Gerhard will be trained to ________________. 21. The school of psychology called structuralism used a technique called _____, which involved reporting the contents of consciousness to study a person- experiences. 22. Participants in research early in psychology- history might have been asked to view a chair and describe its color, shape, and texture and other aspects of their conscious experience. These individuals would have been using a method called _________. 23. Objective introspection requires 24. What is the best analogy for Wundt- and Titchener- mission for psychology? 25. The structuralists were important in the history of psychology because they 26. Which of the following terms do NOT belong together? 27. Why was the perspective followed by Wilhelm Wundt and his followers called structuralism? 28. Which early school of psychology proposed that consciousness was made up of two types of elements, sensations and thoughts? 29. Who was an early proponent of functionalism? 30. How our minds help us adapt to the world around us was a primary question addressed by which early movement of psychology? 31. If an individual believed that why people think and feel as they do is more important than what they think and how they think, that individual would be 32. If a functionalist from the 1870s were alive today, where would we most likely find him? 33. Which psychologist was the first African-American to receive a Ph.D. in educational psychology from the University of Chicago in 1925? 34. While Margaret Floy Washburn may have been the first woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology in the United States (in 1894), the first African-American woman to do so was _________ in 1934 at the University of Minnesota. 35. Which noted African-American psychologist held a post as president of Shaw University in North Carolina and then president of Virginia State College? 36. Which type of early psychologist believed that “the whole is more than the sum of its parts� 37. “The whole is greater than the sum of the parts†is a statement associated with the perspective of ______________ . 38. While on a visit to a large city, you observe several billboards in which a series of lights seems to move. Which perspective in psychology would most likely help you understand this phenomenon? 39. Gestalt psychology attempted to discover 40. The early perspective called Gestalt psychology has evolved into the current perspective called _______________. 41. The belief that the unconscious mind has an influence on one- behavior is part of what early field of psychology? 42. What did Sigmund Freud consider as the key to understanding the nervous disorders he observed? 43. The class is playing a game of Jeopardy! and it is your turn. “I'll take Pioneers in Psychology for $50.†The revealed answer is “Focused on unconscious factors†Just before the buzzer sounds, what will you say? 44. Freud stressed the importance of _________________. 45. According to Freud, unconscious urges 46. The work of Freud was built around __________________. 47. Which treatment approach did Sigmund Freud develop for treating his patients? 48. Which type of psychologist would be most likely to argue that a criminal engages in unlawful behavior because he grew up around older boys who engaged in criminal activities? 49. John B. Watson believed that psychology should involve the study of _________. 50. Which school of psychology questioned whether psychologists should study the mind? 51. The school of behaviorism attempted to explain behavior by studying 52. What advice might John B. Watson have offered to psychologists of his time? 53. The Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov discovered that ________________. 54. Sallie noticed that when her alarm clock goes off in the morning her dog, Ruffles, is standing by her bed salivating. Every morning when Sallie wakes to the alarm, she immediately rolls out of bed and feeds Ruffles who very much enjoys his canned dog food. It is likely that ________________. 55. Pavlov- research demonstrated that ________________. 56. Freud said phobias were ____________ whereas Watson said phobias were __________. 57. Which pair of scientists shared the most similar views of behavior? 58. Which founding contributors to psychology helped develop behaviorism? 59. Suppose you were a graduate student studying for a Ph.D. in psychology in the 1920s. Your advisor was strongly influenced by John B. Watson. Which of the following might your advisor consider an acceptable choice for your research? 60. Which pair of scientists shared the most similar views of behavior? 61. The psychodynamic perspective was based on the work of ________________. 62. Professor Wenches approaches questions about human behavior from a perspective that emphasizes unconscious processes within the individual, such as inner forces or conflicts. It is most likely that she accepts which of the following psychological approaches? 63. Who claimed that behavior is affected by reinforcement? 64. You attend a lecture by a psychologist who uses terms such as free will and self-actualization. Which psychological perspective is most consistent with the points the psychologist presented? 65. Self-actualization was part of which of the following perspectives? 66. Which perspective focuses on free will and self-actualization? 67. Humanist Abraham Maslow suggests that when people self-actualize they 68. In the early part of the past century, psychologists who broke down thought processes into their basic elements and analyzed them were called structuralists. What term might we use to describe psychologists with similar interests today? 69. Cognitive neuroscientists can examine the brain with _____________ and _____________. 70. Josh has been participating in a clinical study by a cognitive neuroscientist. It is likely that his brain is being studied to explore _________________. 71. The emerging field of brain imagery in cognitive neuroscience has developed methods, such as MRI, to examine _________________. 72. If you are interested in how patterns, beliefs, and customs influence behavior, you are interested in the __________ perspective. 73. Samantha just had her purse stolen while walking down Fifth Avenue in New York City which is a very busy part of Manhattan. She screamed loudly, and several people looked in her direction, but nobody stopped walking or made an attempt to help. She immediately broke down in tears and trembled for 10 minutes until she could walk to her car. This is an example of _________________. 74. Jeff- car broke down and smoke started rising from the engine. He felt lucky to have broken down while parked in the center of town during lunch when many people were outside and could help. However, 30 minutes has passed and despite the heavily populated area, nobody has offered assistance. This is an example of the _________________. 75. In studying the bystander effect, a researcher is interested in looking at differences between prison guards in China and the United Kingdom. The researcher is taking a _________________ in this cross cultural study. 76. Darley and Latané (1968) believe that the presence of other people in a distressing situation decreased the likelihood that they would receive help due to _________________. 77. Shorey (2001) found that the brutal death of a Somolian prisoner in a Canadian military facility could have been prevented. One reason the beating was not stopped was the _________________. 78. Professor Beverly approaches questions about human behavior from a perspective that emphasizes bodily events and chemicals, such as hormones, associated with behavior. It is most likely that she accepts which of the following psychological approaches? 79. Dr. Mosher is a psychologist who tries to understand how people select their mates. She must be a(n) ___________________ . 80. Evolutionary psychology might suggest that certain cognitive strategies and goals are built into the brain because 81. Dr. Jones probably agrees with the ________ theory of psychology, since he contends that humans are intelligent species due to the fact that intelligence gives us an advantage in the natural world. 82. Which of the following statements is correct? 83. The majority of psychologists work in ________________. 84. According to present research on psychologists, thirty-four percent are in the ________________ subfield of psychology. 85. According to the present research on psychologists, the three most popular work settings are __________, __________, and __________. 86. There are several subfields of psychology according to the present research. The three largest subfields of psychology are __________, __________, and __________. 87. What is one similarity shared by clinical psychologists and psychiatrists? 88. Dr. Braunz has been treating a child with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. She decides to write a prescription for Ritalin. Given this information, it is most likely that Dr. Braunz is a _________________. 89. A person who has suffered a major stroke and is now experiencing severe personality problems because of the damage would BEST be advised to see a _____________. 90. Vido has a master- degree and is interested in working on the causes of poverty. What type of professional is Vido most likely to become? 91. Sandi is a single mother living in a project in a poor section of the city. She has addiction issues and just lost custody of her three children. What type of psychologist is most likely to get involved in Sandi- situation? 92. The class is playing a game of Jeopardy! and it is your turn. “I’ll take Specialties in Psychology for $300.†The revealed answer is “These psychological professionals work with situations in which environmental conditions may have an impact on mental health.†Just before the buzzer sounds, what will you say? 93. The term ___________________________ refers to a mental health professional who generally has at least an M.S.W. and who typically treats individual dysfunction and family problems but may also deal with other problems such as addiction or abuse. 94. On a television talk show an actor describes the symptoms of anxiety he has been experiencing. He reports that the severity of the symptoms has decreased since he has been taking a drug prescribed by his therapist back in Hollywood. You conclude that the actor- therapist is probably a _________________. 95. ________________ is a system used for reducing bias and error in the measurement of data. 96. The first step in any scientific investigation is _______________. 97. “Children who watch violent cartoons will become more aggressive.†According to the scientific method, this statement is most likely a ____________. 98. Perceiving the question is the first step in a scientific investigation. This step is derived from which goal of psychology? 99. Forming a hypothesis is the second step in a scientific investigation. This step is derived from which goal of psychology? 100. Testing a hypothesis is the third step in a scientific investigation. This step is derived from which goal of psychology? 101. Sally proposes the idea that one- sexual history prior to marriage may be linked to whether one ends up getting divorced. This best represents which step of the scientific method? 102. After reading about the possible causes of schizophrenia, a scientist thinks that a virus is the most likely cause. What term most accurately describes the scientist- idea? 103. The tendency to look for information that supports one- own belief is called _____. 104. What is one of the major reasons that psychologists report results publicly? 105. Researchers must report their results completely whether the hypothesis was supported or not. Complete reporting is necessary for the purpose of ______________. 106. Which of the following is an empirical question? 107. Which of the following is NOT an empirical question? 108. Which of the following statements is true about naturalistic observation? 109. Roger went to McDonald- to observe people eating in fast-food restaurants. He brought a camera crew and bright lights, and they all wore yellow jump suits. Roger said he wanted to do a naturalistic observation but may have had some problems because of ________________. 110. Observing behavior as it happens in real-life natural settings without imposing laboratory controls is known as the ______. 111. Systematically collecting data in real-world environments is the essence of which descriptive research method? 112. Which research method involves watching behaviors as they occur without intervening or altering the behaviors in any way? 113. When you watch dogs play in the park or watch how your professors conduct their classes, you are engaging in a form of ______. 114. Sam conducted a naturalistic observation as a project for a psychology class. He observed the interactions of parents and children at a restaurant. Many of the people he observed seemed to notice him. When Sam described his work to his teacher, she suggested he find out more about the _________________. 115. Dr. Littman-Smith is conducting research in Kenya into the ways that mothers and their toddlers interact throughout the day. Given the purpose of her study, it is most likely that she is engaged in ______________________. 116. Kerri wanted to study the effects of having the oldest child in a family go off to college. She decided to use her own family after her brother went off to a college in France. She took notes each day on her parents’ behavior and kept a diary on her own reactions. Kerri was using the technique called ____________________. 117. Sandi believes that people who eat at McDonald- are overweight, so she decides to do a naturalistic observation of people who eat at McDonald-. What should most concern us about Sandi- observations? 118. A detailed description of a particular individual being studied or treated is called ______________________. 119. In the 1970s, a 13-year-old girl was found locked up in a room, strapped to a potty chair. Since she had grown up in a world without human speech, researchers studied “Genie-†ability to acquire words, grammar, and pronunciation. This type of research is called ________________________. 120. A case study would be the most appropriate method to investigate which of these topics? 121. You overhear psychology students preparing for a test. They note that one of the research methods often “fails to generalize.†Which method is the MOST likely topic of their discussion? 122. A psychologist evaluated Tameka, an eight-year-old child who has experienced difficulty in school. The psychologist sent questionnaires to 100 teachers to determine if they had ever seen similar cases. Based on the teachers’ responses, the psychologist hypothesized that a particular diet might cause the learning problem. Following her tabulation of the responses, she designed a study that would tell her if diet were the actual cause. Which of the following lists, in order from first to last, the research methods this psychologist used? 123. In preparation for his master- thesis, Tan spends some time in the local mall observing the behavior of shoppers. His notes reveal a tendency for people to smile when someone, even a stranger, smiles at them. Later in the semester, he designs a questionnaire that asks questions of participants concerning their typical reactions when someone smiles. He wonders if the face of a person who smiles has any influence on returned smiles, so he designs a study to answer this question. Which of the following lists in order, from first to last, the research methods Tan has used? 124. Which of the following questions could be answered best by using the survey method? 125. Surveys, as discussed in the text, are associated most with: 126. A researcher stops people at the mall and asks them questions about their attitudes toward gun control. Which research technique is being used? 127. A group of randomly selected subjects for a study that matches the population on important characteristics such as age and sex is called __________________. 128. Dr. Wiseman wants to know about the alcohol consumption patterns among college juniors in the United States. He should ________________________. 129. The editors of Scientific American are able to obtain a representative sample of their readers in order to assess their attitudes toward preservation of the rain forests in Costa Rica. When interpreting the results of their survey, the editors will be able to ______________. 130. The magazine Desperate Wives publishes a survey of its female readers called “The Sex Life of the American Wife.†It reports that 87 percent of all wives like to make love in rubber boots. The critical flaw in this research would be ______________. 131. The magazine Desperate Wives publishes a survey of its female readers called “The Sex Life of the American Wife.†It reports that 87 percent of all wives like to make love in rubber boots. A more accurate title for this survey would be ___________________. 132. A(n) is a measure of how strongly two variables are related to one another. 133. The word correlation is often used as a synonym for _____________. 134. A correlation is a numerical measure of the __________________. 135. A correlation coefficient is represented by the symbol _____________. 136. Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the strongest relationship between two variables? 137. Paul records data that indicate that the number of hot chocolates sold at the concession stand increases as temperature outside decreases (for example, more hot chocolates are purchased during late fall than late spring). Which of the following statements is the most accurate depiction of this finding? 138. Julie finds that the number of hours she sleeps each night is related to the scores she receives on quizzes the next day. As her sleep approaches 8 hours, her quiz scores improve; as her sleep drops to 5 hours, her quiz scores show a similar decline. Julie realizes that ______________________. 139. Which correlation coefficient is most likely to describe the relationship between brushing one- teeth and the number of cavities one gets? 140. Drinking orange juice is negatively correlated with the risk of cancer. Based on this information, which of the following statements is true? 141. A correlation coefficient represents two things: ______________________ and ______________________. 142. A correlation coefficient shows that smoking and life expectancy are indeed related. As a result, a researcher could predict _____________ if the direction of the relationship is known. 143. A correlation coefficient shows that alcohol consumption and driving accidents are indeed related. As a result, a researcher could predict _____________ if the direction of the relationship is known. 144. All of the following variables, except for show a positive correlation. 145. All of the following variables, except for show a negative correlation. 146. Professor Holden gives a psychology exam on the origins of intelligence. She gives a short answer question based on the IQ scores of a parent-child pair. In order to answer the question correctly, her students need to remember that ________________. 147. A negative correlation means that ______________________. 148. Which of the following statements is correct concerning correlation coefficients? 149. A perfect correlation, whether positive or negative, is _____________ in the real world. 150. As a project for a psychology course, a student correlated weight and intelligence scores for 250 students. The computed correlation coefficient was .00. What did the scatter plot look like? 151. An operational definition is ___________________. 152. As part of a psychology experiment, Brett decides to measure a person- “anxiety†by noting the number of blinks a person makes in a twenty minute social interaction with a stranger. Brett appears to have offered a(n) ________ of anxiety. 153. The steps or procedures an experimenter must use to control or measure the variables in a study is called the ________________. 154. Marcy is trying to define anxiety in a way that can be empirically tested. She is attempting to find an appropriate __________________. 155. Adaris has always been drawn to the saying “Absence makes the heart grow fonder,†and she decides to incorporate this saying into her research project. Adaris is trying to define absence in a way that can be empirically tested. She is attempting to find an appropriate __________________. 156. The administration of Midwest State University wants to know if arrangement of chairs affects student participation in classrooms. What would be a good operational definition of the dependent variable in an experiment designed to measure this relationship? 157. What is one of the major reasons that psychologists use operational definitions? 158. A researcher is investigating the effects of exercise on weight. What are the independent and dependent variables in this experiment? 159. In order to increase typing speed Minisoft has redesigned its keyboard and provided a chime that is related to typing speed. The company wants to know if its innovations affect typing speed. Identify the independent and dependent variables in this proposed study. 160. A variable that the experimenter manipulates is called a(n) _____________. 161. Independent variable is to dependent variable as ________. 162. In a laboratory, smokers are asked to “drive†using a computerized driving simulator equipped with a stick shift and a gas pedal. The object is to maximize the distance covered by driving as fast as possible on a winding road while avoiding rear-end collisions. Some of the participants smoke a real cigarette immediately before climbing into the driver- seat. Others smoke a fake cigarette without nicotine. You are interested in comparing how many collisions the two groups have. In this study, the independent variable is _____________________. 163. In a laboratory, smokers are asked to “drive†using a computerized driving simulator equipped with a stick shift and a gas pedal. The object is to maximize the distance covered by driving as fast as possible on a winding road while avoiding rear-end collisions. Some of the participants smoke a real cigarette immediately before climbing into the driver- seat. Others smoke a fake cigarette without nicotine. You are interested in comparing how many collisions the two groups have. In this study, the dependent variable is ____________________. 164. Ken is planning on studying the influence of intelligence on the ability to recall events from the 1960s. If Ken does not account for variables such as age that could also influence one- ability to recall these events, age could be considered a(n) __________________. 165. Dr. Keller has individuals run on a treadmill for 0, 15, or 30 minutes and then measures their self-reported mood. In this hypothetical study, the independent variable is 166. Dr. Proverse has individuals cycle on stationary bikes for 0, 10, 20, or 30 minutes after which he measures their self-reported mood. In this hypothetical study, the dependent variable is 167. In a laboratory, smokers are asked to “drive†using a computerized driving simulator equipped with a stick shift and a gas pedal. The object is to maximize the distance covered by driving as fast as possible on a winding road while avoiding rear-end collisions. Some of the participants smoke a real cigarette immediately before climbing into the driver- seat. Others smoke a fake cigarette without nicotine. You are interested in comparing how many collisions the two groups have. In this study, the cigarette without nicotine is ___________. 168. Ideally, everything in the experimental situation except the __________ is held constant. 169. A good control group ________. 170. All of the following are accurate statements regarding random assignment EXCEPT __________. 171. Which of the following is CORRECT concerning random assignment? 172. Which of the following situations best illustrates the placebo effect? 173. The placebo effect means __________. 174. Sandy Sue was participating in an experiment in which she was given a pill that was supposed to cause her to get drowsy. Five minutes after taking the pill, Sandy Sue reported that she felt drowsy and wanted to lie down. The pill was actually made of sugar and had no ingredients to cause drowsiness. How do you explain Sandy Sue- drowsy feeling? 175. Two groups of graduate students were given rats and were told to teach them how to run mazes. Group 1 was told that they had “very smart†rats that should learn quickly. Group 2 was told that they had “very stupid†rats that should learn slowly. In actuality, neither group was any different and the rats were randomly assigned. In spite of that, when the experiment concluded, Group 1 rats had learned the maze much more quickly. How can that be explained? 176. Unintended changes in participants’ behavior due to cues inadvertently given by the experimenter are called __________. 177. __________ is an experiment in which participants do not know if they are in the experimental or the control group but the experimenters do know which participants are part of which group. 178. Double-blind studies control for __________. 179. __________ is an experiment in which neither the participants nor the individuals running the experiment know if participants are in the experimental or the control group until after the results are tallied. 180. The key difference between an experimental and a quasi-experimental study is that the quasi-experimental study ________. 181. Brock is the star quarterback on his college football team. When scoring his first test, his anatomy professor was surprised that he earned an “A+†because ________________. 182. Rob was named to the first team all-American basketball team last year. However, he is academically ineligible to play this year due to failing several classes. As a result, he is ________________. 183. Wesleyan University researchers Jamison and colleagues conducted a study to explore the negative stereotypes of collegiate athletes as “dumb jocks.†In their study, the researchers found ________________. 184. Each of the following is a common ethical guideline suggested by the American Psychological Association EXCEPT ______. 185. Each of the following is a common ethical guideline suggested by the American Psychological Association EXCEPT __________________. 186. Each of the following is a common ethical guideline suggested by the American Psychological Association EXCEPT ___________________. 187. Which of the following is a common ethical guideline suggested by the American Psychological Association? 188. Which of the following is a common ethical guideline suggested by the American Psychological Association? 189. Experimenters can justify the use of deception because ___________. 190. Which of the following statements about research with animals is incorrect? 191. Which of the following statements concerning using animals in research is correct? 192. In the statement “Critical thinking requires reasoned judgments,†the word reasoned means __________________. 193. Critical thinking means making judgments based on ________________. 194. Which of the following statements concerning critical thinking is incorrect? 195. Several years ago two scientists announced that they had evidence of “cold fusion†in the laboratory, but further studies failed to replicate their findings and it was later found that the original scientists had used sloppy methods. This highlights which of the following critical thinking principles? 196. The CEO of a large automobile company says the cars the company makes are safe regardless of the fact that they lead the country in accidents due to faulty equipment. This discrepancy highlights which of the following critical thinking principles? a) Few “truths†do not need to be tested. b) All evidence is not equal in quality. c) Authority or expertise does not make the claims of the authority or expert true. d) Critical thinking requires an open mind. 197. “There is no life outside this solar system and nothing you can say will change that fact!†Which
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PSYCH 101 PSYCH/101 PSYCH101 Week 1 The Science of Psychology Quiz
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