PSY 0493 Week 6 Quiz

PSY 0493 Week 6 Quiz | San Francisco State University | Assignment Help 

Question 1

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Which of the following statements best defines motivation? Motivation is:

Select one:

 a. an intense desire to succeed. 

 b. a force that energizes and directs behavior.

 c. a system of rewards and punishments to influence behavior.

 d. positive beliefs about oneself, such as high self-esteem.

Question 2

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__________ are short-lived subjective-physiological-functional-expressive phenomena that orchestrate how a person reacts to significant life events.

Select one:

 a. Cognitions

 b. Emotions 

 c. Motivations

 d. Motives

Question 3

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People often say that the best way to motivate others is to increase their self-esteem, as in “Find a way to make people feel good about themselves, and then all sorts of good things start to happen.” In response to this approach to motivation, the textbook concluded that:

Select one:

 a. very little research exists on self-esteem because it is best studied through personal experience.

 b. a great deal of evidence supports this approach to motivation.

 c. practically no evidence supports this approach to motivation. 

 d. while not perfect, increasing self-esteem is still the most effective approach to

      motivating other people.

Question 4

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Which of the following is an example of using hormonal activity to measure motivation?

Select one:

 a. Cortisol release into the bloodstream 

 b. Electrical changes on the surface of the skill, as with a lie detector machine

 c. Eye behavior, such as blinks and glances

 d. Facial expressions to show a specific emotion

Question 5

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The following example reveals the importance of which theme in the study of motivation?

The worker who has an interesting job and works with cooperative co-workers will perform better and be happier on the job than will the worker who has a boring job and works with conflictual co-workers.

Select one:

 a. Motivation includes both approach and avoidance tendencies.

 b. Types of motivation exist.

 c. To flourish, motivation needs supportive conditions. 

 d. We are often not consciously aware of the motivational basis of our behavior.

Question 6

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Which of the following historical figures actively promoted the will as a grand theory to explain motivation?

Select one:

 a. René Descartes 

 b. Clark Hull

 c. Sigmund Freud

 d. William James

Question 7

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The motivational concept that arose to replace instinct as the grand explanatory construct was:

Select one:

 a. drive. 

 b. emotion.

 c. hope.

 d. willpower.

Question 8

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In terms of the historical study of motivation, what was so important about the fact that motivational thinkers began to embrace the cognitive revolution?

Select one:

 a. a focus on naturally occurring instances of motivation outside the research laboratory

 b. an ideological shift away from studying animal, biological, and evolutionary motivational constructs 

 c. the emergence of motivation study as the most important field in the study of psychology

 d. the understanding that motivation is a constant, fluctuating, and universal aspect of every living person.

Question 9

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Which scientific event opened the intellectual door for psychologists to study the instinct as a potential grand theory of motivation?

Select one:

 a. Darwin’s biological determinism 

 b. Descartes’ mind-body distinction

 c. Freud’s theory of unconscious motivation

 d. Lewin’s theory of purpose

Question 10

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Which of the following succinctly characterize Hull’s drive theory?

Select one:

 a. Action, Environment, Person, Behavior

 b. Drive, Cue, Response, Reward 

 c. Goal, Drive Reduction, Stimulus, Drive Induction

 d. Source, Object, Action, Satisfaction

Question 11

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The _____ brain is associated with urges and impulses and with emotion-rich motivations such as hunger, thirst, anger, fear, anxiety, pleasure, desire, reward, and wanting.

Select one:

 a. cortical

 b. frontal

 c. hormonal

 d. subcortical 

Question 12

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In Dan Siegel's hand model of the brain, what does the thumb (placed inside the fist and under the fingers) represent?

Select one:

 a. the brain stem

 b. the frontal lobe

 c. the cortical brain

 d. the limbic system 

Question 13

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Which statement best describes the functioning of the human brain?

Select one:

 a. Children use the subcortical (but not cortical) brain while adults use the cortical (but not the subcortical) brain.

 b. The cortical and subcortical brain regions are two interacting systems that are sometimes in competition and conflict with one another. 

 c. The cortical brain processes positive emotional events, while the subcortical brain processes negative emotional events.

Question 14

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Which of the following brain structures is most responsive to natural rewards in the regulation of eating, drinking, and mating? It also regulates both the endocrine system and the autonomy nervous system.

Select one:

 a. amygdala

 b. basal ganglia

 c. hypothalamus 

 d. insula

Question 15

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If a rat had a lesioned (surgically removed) amygdala and was then placed in the same room with a cat, what would the rat’s behavior likely be? The rat would likely:

Select one:

 a. appear tame, neutral, perhaps even playful. 

 b. become hyper-aggressive, perhaps even attacking the cat.

 c. freeze with fear.

 d. show intense avoidance, probably trying to find a quick place to hide.

Question 16

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Wanting (needing something) and liking (experiencing pleasure) typically go hand-in-hand and complement one another. But, the two motivational experiences can diverge apart from one another, and that is typically what happens during:

Select one:

 a. Addiction 

 b. Play

 c. Romance

 d. Work

Question 17

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______ is the so-called bonding hormone that typically motivates the “tend and befriend” coping response. This hormone raises levels of trust in others.

Select one:

 a. Cortisol 

 b. Oxytocin

 c. Progesterone

 d. Testosterone

Question 18

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Many antidepressants work by making which of the following more readily available?

Select one:

 a. Cortisol

 b. Testosterone

 c. Oxytocin

 d. Serotonin 

Question 19

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The brain area most closely associated with the energization and inhibition of movement and motivated action is the:

Select one:

 a. basal ganglia 

 b. hippocampal network

 c. hypothalamus

 d. reticular formation

Question 20

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_____ is any condition within the person that is essential and necessary for life, growth, and well-being.

Select one:

 a. Drive

 b. Homeostasis

 c. Need 

 d. Pain

Question 21

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Which of the following is true regarding the information presented in the (A)sexual video?

Select one:

 a. The hosts of The View had a clear understanding of asexuality.

 b. All of the individuals who identified as asexual were virgins.

 c. David (the main person of focus) explained that asexuality is the same as celibacy. 

 d. Several people in the video explained that asexual relationships include emotional connections.

Question 22

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_____ refers to a physiological stop system that terminates drive.

Select one:

 a. Emotion

 b. Homeostasis

 c. Negative feedback 

 d. Regulation

Question 23

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The smell of food, the appearance of food, the time of day, and the presence of other people who are eating all represent ___ that contribute to and regulate the rise and fall of hunger and eating.

Select one:

 a. extraorganismic mechanisms 

 b. homeostatic influences

 c. multiple inputs

 d. psychological drive

Question 24

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The hormone _____ generates a desire to eat (hunger), while the hormone _____ generates a feeling of satiety.

Select one:

 a. ghrelin, leptin 

 b. leptin, ghrelin

 c. insulin, secretin

 d. secretin, leptin

Question 25

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Which of the following statements is true about sexual motivation?

Select one:

 a. Human sexual motivation is determined mostly by the rise and fall of hormones.

 b. In women, the correlation between physiological arousal and psychological desire

    is high.

 c. Men and women typically experience and react to sexual desire very differently. 

 d. Women with small or petite eyes are rated as more physically attractive than are

    women with large eyes.

Question 26

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For men's faces, the facial metrics associated with physical attractiveness include:

Select one:

 a. expressive characteristics.

 b. neonatal features. 

 c. prominent chin length and thick eyebrows.

 d. large eyes, a small nose, and a small chin.

Question 27

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Of the following physiological needs, which one is relatively less regulated by intraorganismic mechanisms and relatively more regulated by extraorganismic ones?

Select one:

 a. hunger

 b. pain

 c. sex 

 d. thirst

Question 28

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According to the textbook, the most important environmental influence on drinking behavior is:

Select one:

 a. body temperature.

 b. room temperature.

 c. taste. 

 d. water availability.

Question 29

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Which of the following is true about hunger and eating?

Select one:

 a. People who are very thirsty feel more hunger than people who are not thirsty. 

 b. Large portion sizes lead people to eat more than do small portion sizes.

 c. People eat more when alone than when with others who are also eating.

 d. People eat more when they have a monotonous diet rather than a high-variety diet.

Question 30

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A person's mental representation of how sexual episodes are to be enacted constitutes a sexual:

Select one:

 a. hierarchy.

 b. ritualization.

 c. schema.

 d. script 

Question 31

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From where does a person’s high level of extrinsic motivation come?

Select one:

 a. environmental incentives, consequences, and rewards 

 b. growth motivation

 c. internalized sources of motivation

 d. psychological need satisfaction

Question 32

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Which of the following sentences best captures the spirit of extrinsic motivation?

Select one:

 a. Building high confidence is the antidote to anxiety and avoidance.

 b. Do this in order to get that.

 c. Doing, or saying, is believing. 

 d. Motivation is the joint product of expectancy times value.

Question 33

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A(n) _____ is an environmental object that occurs before the start of a sequence of behavior and attracts or repels the individual to engage or not in the behavior.

Select one:

 a. consequence

 b. incentive 

 c. need

 d. punisher

Question 34

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Consider two different ways of motivating others by using rewards.

First way: “Good job, you improved your penmanship nicely.”

Second way: “If you improve your penmanship today, then I’ll give you a reward.”

Why is the first way more effective and less harmful (in terms of side effects) than is the second way?

Select one:

 a. The first way offers people a clear, easy-to-follow structure in which to behave.

 b. The first way is very informational; it informs the person’s sense

    of a job well done. 

 c. The first way makes assessment of the penmanship easier and more objective, and

    this is true for both the student and the teacher.

 d. The first way is not more effective because people do not respond well to verbal

The correct answer is: The first way is very informational; it informs the person’s sense

    of a job well done.

Question 35

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A teacher gives a child a time-out for teasing a classmate, and then the time-out succeeds in making the child’s future teasing behavior less likely in the future. 

This example illustrates that the time-out acts as a(n):

Select one:

 a. negative reinforcer.

 b. positive reinforcer.

 c. negative punisher. 

 d. positive punisher.

Question 36

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If a musician who enjoys playing music “for fun” begins to receive money for playing music at weddings week after week, what is most likely to happen to his or her intrinsic and extrinsic motivations to play music in the future?

Select one:

 a. Intrinsic decreases, while extrinsic increases. 

 b. Intrinsic increases, while extrinsic decreases.

 c. Both decrease.

 d. Both increase.

Question 37

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Which one of the following is not a “hidden cost of rewards?”

Select one:

 a. Rewards tend to undermine goal-directed effort. 

 b. Rewards tend to undermine intrinsic motivation.

 c. Rewards tend to undermine the development of autonomous self-regulation

 d. Rewards tend to undermine conceptual understanding and the quality of learning.

Question 38

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Which of the following ways of delivering praise best supports the intrinsic motivation of the other person?  Saying:

Select one:

 a. Good job, you improved by 10%. 

 b. Good job, but you must try harder next time.

 c. Good job, please keep it up because you make me so proud.

 d. Good job, you did just what you were supposed to do.

Question 39

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According to self-determination theory, what type of motivation explains the student's effort in school when the student says, "I try so hard because my school work is an important and valuable thing to do."?

Select one:

 a. external regulation

 b. identified regulation 

 c. intrinsic motivation

 d. introjected regulation

Feedback

Your answer is correct.

The correct answer is: identified regulation

Question 40

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Amotivation:

Select one:

 a. is almost always balanced (or offset) by motivation.

 b. is the best motivational state to possess in terms of day-to-day functioning.

 c. is the worst motivational state to possess in terms of day-to-day functioning. 

 d. is inevitable on a day-to-day basis.

Question 41

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Choose one of the following questions. Be sure to answer the question completely and in complete sentences. Your answer should be three to five sentences long. If you answer both questions, only the first will be graded. This question is worth 5 points.

1. Explain why motivational psychologists do not solely depend on self-report questionnaire data to assess people's motivational states. Name and describe two other methods motivational psychologists use to assess motivational states.

2. What is the difference between a drive and a need? Define both terms and differentiate between the two. Also provide a specific example of each term.

Many researchers believe there is a lack of correspondence between what people say they do and what they actually do. There is also a lack of correspondence between how people say they feel and what their psychophysiology indicates that they probably feel. Hence, what people say their motives are sometimes are not what people's behavioral, engagement, psychophysiological, and neural expressions suggest their motives are. Self-report can be difficult to solely base their questionnaires on since they can't know if participants are answering how they really feel. What people say their motives might not reflect their behavior and true motives.